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Principle | Description |
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Coherence | Carefully consider whether each multimedia component is necessary to meet the desired learning outcome. Bad Example: Includes This example includes unnecessary photographs, font styles, and on-screen text. Good Example: Removes This example removes extraneous graphics and text. |
Signaling | Highlight essential material. Bad Example: As the narrator describes a specific step within the Project Management process, the entire process displays on-screen. Good Example: The specific step that the narrator is discussing is highlighted, focusing the learner's attention on the most essential material. |
Redundancy | Limit multimedia to narration and animation when possible, avoid including redundant on-screen text. Bad Example: The narrator reads the on-screen text verbatim. Good Example: On-screen text is minimized and the narrator provides detailed content. |
Spatial Contiguity | Display corresponding words and pictures near each another. Bad Example: The words are listed along the left side, separate from the image on the right. Good Example: The words are listed alongside their corresponding portion of the image. |
Temporal Contiguity | Sync corresponding visuals and audio. Bad Example: The narrator describes the steps, then a short video demonstrates the process. Good Example: The narrator describes the steps as a short video demonstrates the process. |
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